Chapter 14 Review Sheet

The Origin of Life

 

 

·        Age of the Earth and ancient conditions

o       What was the environment composed of mostly?

 

·        What are fossils and how are they clues to the past?

o       Besides organisms, fossils can additionally provide information about what 2 things?

 

·        What kinds of conditions, rock, etc. are most ideal in order for a fossil to form?

 

·        The 5 types of fossils:

o       Casts, Molds, Petrified, Trace, and Amber (Frozen)

 

·        The two different types of dating fossils?

 

 

·        What concepts did our lab on radiometric dating demonstrate?

 

 

Evidence of Evolution

 

Charles Darwin’s ________  __  ________  (        ) for the first time provided an explanation as to why there was a diversity of animals on Earth and why the ______  _______ provided a link to the current diversity of animals on Earth.

Darwin provided evidence that there are “_______  ______” between animals and plants of the past and animals and plants we find currently on Earth.

Evidence of Evolution

  1. ___________________
  2. __________________ changes: species closely related will share many of the same genes/nucleotides,
  3. __________________ structures.

Darwin’s Theory Supported

_________  _______  ________ Regarding

the Earth:

  1. Earth is about 4.5 billion years old
  2. Organisms have inhabited the Earth for most of its history
  3. All organisms living today “_________” from earlier, simpler life-forms.

 

Burgess Shale

Discovered in 1909 in Western

Canada. This fossil location

Supported the ______  ___

___________ more than any other

fossil discovery. Many of the

fossils discovered there

connected the “missing-link”

between species.

 

 

Biological Molecules Contain a

Record of Evolution

  1. Biological molecules such as DNA develop ‘___________’ which result in a __________ changes in an organism.
  2. These ‘mutations’ result in the organism either being less suited or better suited in _________ to their environment, i.e. _________  __________.
  3. Therefore, ___________ changes can result in ____________ changes which may result in the organism being better suited to its environment.

A change in the _______________  ________________ results in a mutation. Some good, some bad.

A change in the ________________ sequence results in…

a change in the ___________ which results in ….

a change in the ________  ________ sequence which results in ….

A change in the type of _________ formed, which then causes… mutations… are all mutations bad?

How the Organism looks or behaves.

Or put another way… a _____________ causes a change in the _____________

of that organism to a changing environment through __________  ___________.

Was Darwin’s theory correct?

Genetic mutations result in _____________.

Speciation results in ________________   _________________ in the Galapagos finches.

 

Anatomy and Development

Suggest Common Ancestry

 

Comparison of anatomical (structure) of different types of organisms often __________

_________________ in body structures.

Some bones are _________  ____  _________ or have _____  _______ at all. These anatomical changes which may show evidence of an organism’s past are called ______________  ______________.

_________________  ___________________ : same structures yet different functions. The arm of a penquin, alligator, bat and human.

_________________  _________________. Bat wing and human hand. Same structure different function.

Evolutionary history of organisms ins also shown in the ______________  ___  _______________. These organisms pass through the same developmental stages at first yet wind up as different organisms.

 

1.         Explain how the frequency of the Sickle Cell Anemia allele (S) has       changed over time in

 

a.         Africa?

 

 

b.         the United States?

 

 

2.         How does an increase in the variation within a species increase the    survival rate of that    particular species?

 

 

 

3.         Contrast genetic drift and gene flow.  Give an example of each.

 

 

 

4.         What type of rock are fossils usually found in?  Why?

 

 

 

5.         In your own words, describe Darwin’s theory of natural selection.  (Hint:           there are four parts.)

 

 

 

6.         Give five types of evidence used to support the theory of evolution.

 

 

 

7.         Compare analogous structures and homologous structures.  Give an   example of each.

 

 

 

8.         Define and give two examples of vestigial structures.

 

 

 

9.         Describe the theory of continental drift.  What key evidence exists to    support this theory?

 

 

 

10.       Describe and give examples of each of the following types of adaptations:

 

a.         structural

 

 

 

b.         physiological

 

 

 

11.       Define gene pool.

 

 

 

  1. Compare and contrast geographic isolation and reproductive isolation.

 

 

 

13.             Why does natural selection act on a phenotype rather than a genotype?

 

 

14.             What are three things that can be learned from the fossil record?

 

 

 

15.             How can DNA or proteins be used as evidence for evolution?